Forensic evidence has become an essential part of the modern criminal justice system. With the advancement of science and technology, methods such as DNA profiling, fingerprint examination, digital forensics, toxicology, ballistics, forensic pathology, and cyber forensics are widely used to investigate crimes and identify offenders. Unlike traditional evidence, which mainly depends on the statements of witnesses, forensic evidence is based on scientific examination and objective analysis. This makes it a more reliable and accurate form of evidence. However, scientific evidence can only help the court if it is legally admissible and properly evaluated by judges.

Different countries have different rules for admitting and using forensic evidence in criminal trials. In India, the law is now governed by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ^[1], which has replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, and gives greater importance to scientific and electronic evidence. In the United States, courts follow legal standards such as the Frye Test and the Daubert Test to determine whether expert scientific evidence is reliable and can be accepted in court. In the United Kingdom, the admissibility of forensic evidence is guided by common law principles, statutory provisions, and criminal procedure rules that focus on the reliability of expert witnesses and scientific methods.